Nepal the Himalaya country lies between People's Republic of China to the north and India to the south, east and west, located between the latitudes 26 ° 22' and 30 ° 27' N and longitudes 80 ° 40' and 88 ° 12' E. The rectangular shaped country occupies a total of 147,181 sq. km.
The landscape of the landlocked country is surprisingly diverse, ranging from the humid Tarai in the south to the lofty Himalayas in the north. With the width of 193 km the elevation of Nepal rises from the plain Tarai to the tallest Himalayas. High mountains and wavy hills dominate the land by 83 per cent and the rest 17 per cent is the flat Tarai region. The altitude varies from 60 m above sea level in the Tarai to the highest peaks of the world including Mt. Everest 8848 m above sea level. Kathmandu the largest city of the country is the capital of Nepal.
As the landscape of the country is diverse the climate of Nepal has a great deal of variation influenced by its elevation as well as by its location in a subtropical latitude, ranges from subtropical monsoon conditions in the Tarai, through a warm temperate climate between 4,000 and 7,000 feet in the mid-mountain region, to cool temperate conditions in the higher parts of mountains between 7,000 and 11,000 feet, to an Alpine climate at altitudes between 14,000 and 16,000 feet along the lower slopes of the Himalaya mountains. At altitudes above 16,000 feet the temperature is always below freezing and the surface covered by snow and ice.
The geography of Nepal is blessed with a number of small and large rivers. Three main river systems - Kosi, Gandaki and Karnali originate in the Himalayas, flow southward and empty into the Ganges. Nepal has been a habitat of different rare species of flora and fauna. Nepal has set up thirteen national parks and wildlife reserves in different parts of the country.
Temples of Nepal
Nepal is one of the most visited nations of the world. The reason why it attracts so much tourism is because it has the world finest historical places and ancient temples. Tourists engulf themselves on many fruitful activities while on the visit to Nepal. Here you will find many Buddhist and Hindu temples. They are generally built in the pagoda style with a mass of intricate exterior carving.
Some of the best Temples & Shrines
Swayambunath:
A top a hill on the west side of the Kathmandu Valley stands a hemispherical Buddhist shrine, which is topped by a gilded box. The eyes of the Buddha gaze out from the top of the stupa. It is these eyes that have become the quintessential symbol of Nepal.
Boudhanath:
Located on the east side of Kathmandu and similar in design to Swayambunath, this large Buddhist stupa is particularly sacred to Tibetans, who circumambulate the shrine, sometimes prostrating themselves as they go. Shops full of Tibetan antiques surround the shrine, and beyond these shops are numerous Tibetan Buddhist monasteries.
Pashupatinath:
Dedicated to Shiva in his incarnation as lord of the animals, Pashupatinath is Nepal's holiest and most important Hindu temple and is located on the east side of Kathmandu. The site of open-air cremations and a temporary home to dreadlocked, ganga-smoking Shaivite sadhus (holy men) and the temple complex is always busted with activities.
Pashupatinath:
Shiny with gilded metalwork, this Buddhist temple, not far from Patan's Durbar Square, displays some of the finest religious art in the Kathmandu Valley. Just don't be alarmed by the rats that have free range of the temple compound.
Patan's Krishna Temple:
Though well known in the West (thanks to The Beatles and the hippies of the 1960s), the Hindu god Krishna is not worshiped by many in Nepal. However, on Patan's Durbar Square stands an elaborate stone Krishna temple unlike any other in the Kathmandu Valley.
Patan's Mahaboudha Temple:
Packed into a tiny courtyard, this towering temple is covered with thousands of terra-cotta tiles, every one of which bears an image of the Buddha.
Bhaktapur's Nyatapola Temple:
Set atop a five-tiered platform and topped by five roofs, this pagoda-style temple is the most perfectly symmetrical and balanced of all the Hindu temples in the Kathmandu Valley.
Budhanilkantha:
Located on the north side of the Kathmandu Valley, Budhanilkantha enshrines the largest, and one of the most unusual, stone statues in Nepal. The stone carving depicts the Hindu god Vishnu sleeping on a bed of snakes.
Festivals of Nepal
Festivals in Nepal begin with religion, ending as social event. There are more than 50 major festivals in a year celebrated by Nepalis. Although most of these festivals are religious some have historical significance, while others are seasonal celebrations.
The dates of most festivals are fixed by famous astrologers after consulting the lunar calendar. The biggest and most popular festivals are: Dashain, a celebration of Goddess Bhagabati's victory over evil Mahisashur; and Tihar, a celebration of lights dedicated to Goddess Lakshmi.
It is not hard to catch colorful processions in different streets of the Valley almost every other day of the week. Cultural acts of dances and songs are integral parts of some celebrations while some celebrations are just quiet family gatherings. Grand celebrations like Ghode Jatra and Gai Jatra entertain participants and spectators every year.
Baisakh Purnima
Nepal is the birthplace of Lord Buddha. The anniversary of the Buddha's birth, enlightenment and death is observed on a full-moon day in May every year. People celebrate the occasion by paying homage to Buddha. Lumbini and Swayambhunath, Bouddhanath in Kathmandu are thronged with devotees during Buddha Jayanti.
Buddha Jayanti
This is the triply auspicious anniversary of Buddha's birth, enlightenment and death (due to discrepancies between solar and lunar calendars. Tibetans celebrate approximately one month later). Prayer flags are replaced, stupas newly whitewashed and every temple thoroughly cleaned. Buddhists gather for morning puja at Swayanbhunath then move to Boudhanath in the afternoon to see a Buddha image paraded on an elephant.
Gunla
A holy month for Newar Buddhists who celebrate special pujas at Swayambhunath every morning. For one day the Buddhist bahal & Vihar in Kathmandu and Patan display their art treasures and on the same day local people as well as Buddhists come to visit the arts & hold a huge procession holding incense and lights in and around the holy Buddhists places.
Janai Purnima
On this full moon festival high caste Hindu men change their sacred thread. Everyone else receives a protective sacred yellow thread, tie around the wrist, from Brahmans. Festivities center on Patan's Kumbeshwar Mahadev temple where thousands gather to worship the sacred linga.
Gai Jatra
The "Cow Festival" is the Nepalese equivalent of Halloween when recently bereaved families honor the soul of their dead by sending a cow out on parade - either real, an effigy or a costumed small boy. Groups of these cows parade the streets accompanied by costumed men and liberal quantities of home brewed alcohol.
Krishna Jayanti
Celebrates the birth of Lord Krishna, god of love. Processions display pictures narrating the events of his life and at night women gather at Patan's Krishna Mandir to chant prayers, sing hymns and light lamps.
Teej / Rishi Panchami
Exclusively women's celebrations known for fasting and purification. Teej begins with a late night communal feast as the women of a household prepare for the following day's strict fast. The fast symbolizes the 3,600 years of austerities performed by the goddess Parvati in order to attract her husband, Shiva. The day begins with women gathering at Pashupatinath for a ritual bath in the Bagmati River then, adorned in their finest wedding sari and jewelry, they dance in praise of Shiva. Two days later they gather again, at the Shiva temple at Teku, for another ritual bath to purify them from the sin of accidentally touching a man while menstruating.
Indra Jatra
The quintessential Nepali festival, Indra Janta marks the end of the monsoon and the beginning of harvest. In Kathmandu there are nightly masked dances and costumed dramas and ancient images of the god Bhairab are displayed. Within this festival is the festival of Kumai Jatra when thousands gather to see the arrival of the king and the appearance of the goddess Kumari who is pulled about the city in her gilded chariot on three consecutive nights. At the end she reaffirms the king's right to rule for another year.
Maha Shiva Ratri
Shiva Ratri which literally means the Night of Lord Shiva, is celebrated by all Hindus in the month of February. Religious fairs are organized at several places. Thousands of devotees throng Pashupatinath Temple for a 'darshan' of Lord Shiva on this day.
Bisket Jatra (Nepalese New Year)
Celebrated in the second week of April most jubilantly in Bhaktapur where it coincides with a 10-day local festival. Images of Bhairab and Bhadrakali are pulled though the city streets in their chariot and a 25-meter victory pole is hoisted then sent crashing own to dispel evil spirits.
Dashain
Dashain is the most important festival among Nepalis. The entire population of Nepal celebrates the festival that falls between mid September to mid October. Nepalis celebrate Dashai by buying new clothes, eating good food and visiting family members. Card games are very popular during this time. Various fairs and celebration events are organized during the Dashain fortnight in both villages and cities.
Tihar
Tihar is the festival of lights. This five-day celebration of Tihar falls in October or November and is celebrated with equal joy by all Nepalis. Houses are illuminated at night and special sweets of different varieties are prepared. Tihar, like Dashain, is a series of family events. Goddess Lakshmi is remembered and offered worship on Lakshmi Puja Day.
Dumji
Dumji is one of the sared ceremonies of the Sherpa community. It is celebrated in the month of July. Dumji is celebrated by the Sherpas in Namche region. The Sherpas of Kathmandu and Helambu regions also participate in dancing on this day.
Lhosar
Lhosar which falls on a new-moon day in February is celebrated by Tibetan-speaking population. Songs and dances are organized in Kumbu region of Nepal. On this day devotees throng Bouddhanath in Kathmandu for celebration and worship.
Holi
The festival of colors. Riotous throwing of water and colored powder welcomes spring.
Jan - Feb
Sweta Machendranath Snan
Swasthani Puja
Maghe Sankranti
Saraswati Puja
Feb - Mar
Maha Shivaratri
Losar
Phagu Purnima
Mar - April
Chaitra Dasai
Ghode Jatra
April - May
Biska Jatra
Nepali New Year
Rato Machendranath Jatra
Budhha Jayanti
May - June
Gunla
Janai Purnima
July - Aug
Aug - Sept
Gai Jatra
Krishna Astami
Teej
Sept - Oct
Indra Jatra
Dasain
Oct - Nov
Mani Rimdu
Tihar
Nov - Dec
Bala Chaturdasi
Bibah Panchami
Art of Nepal
The spread of Hinduism and Buddhism from the Indian subcontinent brought with it the strong influence along with. Nevertheless, Nepalese Art in time developed characteristics of its own. The reasons lay in the Nepal's geographic location and the extraordinary ingenuity of Nepalese Artists.
In fact, Nepal's history of Art has been influenced since earliest times by the Newars. They carried their craft and Artistic skill beyond the borders of Nepal to Tibet and China as well. The renowned Artist and architect, Arniko (1245-1306 A.D.), who came from Patan, worked in Lhasa and Peking on the commission of the emperor of China, Kubilai Khan.
The Art history of Nepal is divided into five major periods prior to the beginning of Gorkha dynasty.
Pre-Licchavi Art until 200.A.D.
Licchavi Art 200 to 800 A.D.
The transitional period 800 to 1200 A.D.
Early Malla Art 1200 to 1400 A.D.
Late Malla Art 1400 to 1768 A.D.
The spread of Hinduism and Buddhism from the Indian subcontinent brought with it the strong influence along with. Nevertheless, Nepalese Art in time developed characteristics of its own. The reasons lay in the Nepal's geographic location and the extraordinary ingenuity of Nepalese Artists.
In fact, Nepal's history of Art has been influenced since earliest times by the Newars. They carried their craft and Artistic skill beyond the borders of Nepal to Tibet and China as well. The renowned Artist and architect, Arniko (1245-1306 A.D.), who came from Patan, worked in Lhasa and Peking on the commission of the emperor of China, Kubilai Khan.
The Art history of Nepal is divided into five major periods prior to the beginning of Gorkha dynasty.
Pre-Licchavi Art until 200.A.D.
Licchavi Art 200 to 800 A.D.
The transitional period 800 to 1200 A.D.
Early Malla Art 1200 to 1400 A.D.
Late Malla Art 1400 to 1768 A.D.
Nepal Archaeological Sites
Archaeological work has been going in the Terai region for past few decades where Nepal's first settlements were probably located. Tilaurakot for example, used to be the capital of Shakya dynasty and is situated in Kapilvastu district in western Nepal. The Present archaeological site extends over an area of more than five kilometers. The central portion, measuring approx. five thousand meters by four thousand meters, is surrounded by the citadels of three periods. The first and second are made of muddating from 600 to 200B.C. while the third wall appears to have constructed with kiln-burnt bricks and was probably build around 150 BC. The eastern gate, the eastern stupa, the Ashita Apsidal Stupa and the defense wall were discovered at the site.
Recent excavation brought to light the majestic western gateway complexes including the watchman's room, six meters broad roads of different periods (with card-track impressions), the moat on the east and west, three periods of defence walls and the northern twin stupas with sixteen and seven meter diameters, made and enlarged between the fourth and second centuries B.C. The central portion of the site has also been excavated and various brick structures belonging to the third century BC to the second century AD have been unearthed. Water storage tanks, big jars, brick and terra-cotta ring wells and a fire-altar have also been found. Other antiquities discovered at the site are human and animal terra-cotta figurines (dated 400 B.C. to 200 AD), silver punch-marked coins, early cast coins with symbols, Kushan coins, and pieces of Sunga and Kushan pottery. Apart from these antiquities practical items such as terra-cotta cart wheels, gamesmen's figures iron implements, nails, arrow-heads, bone and copper rods, dice and fishing hooks have also been found.
Other important archaeological sites of Nepal
Gotihawa- These ancient ruins are situated nearly eleven kilometers south of Taulihawa, the present district headquarters. To the north of the Gotihawa village, there is an ancient brick stupa and an Ashokan monolithic column. The lower portion with its square granite base stone is still intact but the crowning features and inscriptional portions are mission. The site can be safely identified as the Nirvan stupa of Kakuchhanda Buddha (one of the previous Buddhas), whose hometown lies within one kilometer of this stupa-pillar complex.
Sagarahawa- This site is located nearly two km north of Tilaurakot on the bank of the Banganga river. It was excavated in 1896 and seventeen miniature stupas were found there. In the same general region, sites of ancient civilization have been identified at Lumbini, Banjarhi, Nipaniya and Kadyatawa to mention just a few names. Several eastern region of the country, the most important which are Bhediari, Varahakshetra, Janakpur and Simarangarh.
Bhediari- Located nearly ten km south of Biratnagar, the ancient ruins a this site have revealed many important brick temples, one of which has been fully excavated. It appears to have been built in the Sunga period and shows two phases of construction. There is a two-meter high rectangular platform supported from the inside by cross walls. So far no image either of stone or terra-cotta has been found during the excavations; however, a number of silver punch-marked coins have been found.
Varahakshetra-This is another important temple site located at the confluence of the Koka and Koshi rivers. The site is known to belong to the period of later Guptas who had issued a copper grant for the two Varaha images found there. Apart from these images, there are many miniature Gupta period temple replicas, which suggest that during the sixth to the seventh centuries AD, many such temples, and idols were made.
Narasingha Tappa-Some years ago, while cultivating lands at Narasingha Tappa, close to the present town of Ithari, an idol of Vishnu was discovered. The image belongs to the fifth or sixth century AD and is based on the Gupta art school tradition. It has now been temporarily kept inside a local Shiva Temple. The site, according to local people also contains pottery items, indicating that it was inhabited as early as the Gupta dynasty (4th - 5th centuries AD)
Janakpur-At Rama-Janaki temple complex near Janakpur there is an important image depicting Uma lying over a bed and feeding a baby. Ganesh and Kumar are also depicted in the panel while on the top of the scene is a Shiva Lingam. The piece dates from the 12th or 13th century AD and belongs to the Karnatakas of Simarangarh. Some auspicious Symbols on the piece prove that it influenced the Malla art period of Katmandu.
Simarangarh-This was the old capital city of the Karnatakas of Mithila and was built by King Nanyadeva in 1097-98AD. The ruins of the city extend over the area of 16km, the whole area still being surrounded by high kiln-burnt bricks. There are more than one hundred images and sculptures scattered all over the area. Most are made of black cist stone and are nicely polished; however, a few are also made of sandstone. The images represented at the site are of Vishnu, Narayan, Lakshmi-Narayan, Shankarsana, Garudopari Vishnu, Uma-Maheshwara, Durga, Shiva and Surya (both types standing and holding lotus flowers, while leaning over a seven-horsed chariot). In different parts of Simarangarh, there are remains of temples and gateways of the old city.
Other sites bearing Karnataka images and sculptures are Kanchanpur (near Rajbiraj), Murtiya (west of Janakpur) and Valmiky Nagar (near the Gandaki Barrage), as well as several other places between the Gandaki and Saptakoshi rivers.
Sculptures of Nepal
Historically, Nepal consisted of a much smaller region than the modern nation, formed in 1769, encompasses today. It included only the section known as the Kathmandu Valley and a few outlying areas comprising about 200 square miles. Most of the art and architecture in the Kathmandu Valley was created by the Newars, one of the many ethnic groups in Nepal. Predominantly Buddhist, Newari artists were renowned throughout Asia for the high quality of their work.
It was through Nepal that Mahayana Buddhism was introduced into Tibet during the reign of Angshuvarma in the 7th century AD. There was therefore a great demand for religious icons and Buddhist manuscripts for newly built monasteries throughout Tibet. A number of Buddhist manuscripts, including Prajnaparamita, were copied in the Kathmandu Valley for these monasteries. Astashasrika Prajnaparamita for example, was copied in the Kathmandu Valley for these monasteries. Astashasrika Prajnaparamita for example, was copied in Patan in the year 999 AD, during the reign of Narendra Deva and Udaya Deva, for the Sa-Sakya monastery in Tibet. For the Nor monastery in Tibet, two copies were made in Nepal-one of Astashasrika Prajnaparamita in 1069 AD and the other Kavyadarsha in 1111 AD.
The influence of Nepalese art extended to Tibet and even beyond China regular order during the thirteenth Century. Nepalese artisans were dispatched to the courts of Chinese emperors at their request to perform their workmanship and impart expert knowledge. The exemplary contribution made by the artisans of Nepal, specially by the Nepalese innovator and architect Balbahu, known by this popular name "Arniko" bear testimony to this fact even today.
After the introduction of paper, palm leaf became less popular; however, it continued to be used until the eighteenth century. Paper manuscripts imitated the oblong shape but were wider than the palm leaves.
Sculpture
Another art that traces Nepalese culture from its early beginnings right up to modern times is sculpture. Many carved artifacts have been found in the Terai region of the country, thus providing an insight into the religion and culture of these times. As with painting, nearly all-Nepalese sculptures are of a religious character. In addition to the theme, it seems that the artists themselves were also greatly imbued with a feeling of religious devotion.
The Golden Age of Nepalese Sculpture
Nepalese sculpture reached its zenith in the Lichchhavi period; stone, copper and bronze images from this period show round faces with slanted eyes. While attention was also given to details, the main feature of this period is presentation of simplicity. The use of clothes and ornaments was quite restrained: many Hindu deities, for example are shown wearing only a dhoti(skirt-like lower garment). Buddhist deities were carved to show them wearing long sanghatis (a long saffron-colored robe that the Buddhists wear hanging from the shoulders). Lichchhavi period idols were so beautifully executed that it is not possible to find one specimen with a chiseled mark. Some of the best examples of Lichchhavi art are the images of Sleeping Vishnu in Budhanilkantha, located eight km north of Kathmandu; and the Vishnu Vikrant or Dwarf Incarnation found near Lazimpat in Kathmandu. In addition, there are some remarkable sculptures from Lichchhavi period (5th-8th Century) at Changu Narayan. The sculptural arts of 6th-14th and from early Malla period (11th-14th century) comprise equally important art treasures of Nepal.
Woodcarving
Besides stone sculpture and bronze casting, another art form worth mentioning briefly is woodcarving. No visitor to the Kathmandu valley can fail to be impressed by the numerous extremely intricate and beautiful windows, doors, temple roof-struts and other artifacts carved entirely by hand. As wood is obviously more vulnerable to the ravages of time and other art forms, well-preserved specimens only date back to the 14th century and the beginning of the Malla period. From this period onwards, woodcarving became an integral part of Nepalese architecture, some of the best examples being the old royal palaces of Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur and a number of different Viharas (monasteries) around the valley.
World Heritage Sites in Nepal
The small area of Nepal holds a considerably high number of places recognised by UNESCO as "World Heritage Sites". There are all together ten World Heritage Sites in Nepal, seven of which are in Kathmandu valley itself.
World Heritage Sites (Natural):
1. Everest National Park (1148 Sq. Km)
2. Royal Chitawan National Park (923 Sq. Km)
World Heritage Site (Cultural):
1. Swayambhu
A golden spire crowning a conical wooded hill, Swayambhunath Stupa is the most ancient and enigmatic of all the holy shrines in Kathmandu valley. Its lofty white dome and glittering golden spire are visible for many miles and from all sides of the valley. Historical records found on a stone inscription give evidence that the stupa was already an important Buddhist pilgrimage destination by the 5th century AD. Its origins however, date to a much earlier time, long before the arrival of Buddhism into the valley. A collection of legends about the site, the 15th century Swayambhu Purana, tells of a miraculous lotus, planted by a past Buddha, which blossomed from the lake that once covered Kathmandu valley.
The lotus mysteriously radiated a brilliant light, and the name of the place came to be Swayambhu, meaning 'Self-Created or Self-Existent'. Saints, sages and divinities travelled to the lake to venerate this miraculous light for its power in granting enlightenment. During this time, the Bodhisatva Manjushri was meditating at the sacred mountain of Wu Tai Shan and had a vision of the dazzling Swayambhu light. Manjushri flew across the mountains of China and Tibet upon his blue lion to worship the lotus. Deeply impressed by the power of the radiant light, Manjushri felt that if the water were drained out of the lake Swayambhu would become more easily accessible to human pilgrims. With a great sword Manjushri cut a gorge in the mountains surrounding the lake. The water, draining away, left the valley of present day Kathmandu. The lotus was then transformed into a hill and the light became the Swayabhunath Stupa.
Swayambhunath's worshippers include Hindus, Vajrayana Buddhists of northern Nepal and Tibet, and the Newari Buddhists of central and southern Nepal. Each morning before dawn, hundreds of pilgrims will ascend the 365 steps that lead up the hill, file past the gilded Vajra (Tibetan: Dorje) and two lions guarding the entrance, and begin a series of clockwise circumambulations of the stupa (Newari Buddhists circle in the opposite, counter clockwise direction). On each of the four sides of the main stupa there is a pair of big eyes. These eyes are symbolic of God's all-seeing perspective. There is no nose between the eyes but rather a representation of the number one in the Nepali alphabet, signifying that the single way to enlightenment is through the Buddhist path. Above each pair of eyes is another eye, the third eye, signifying the wisdom of looking within. No ears are shown because it is said the Buddha is not interested in hearing prayers in praise of him
2. Bouddha
Bouddhanath is among the largest stupas in South Asia, and it has become the focal point of Tibetan Buddhism in Nepal. The white mound looms thirty-six meters overhead. The stupa is located on the ancient trade route to Tibet, and Tibetan merchants rested and offered prayers here for many centuries. When refugees entered Nepal from Tibet in the 1950s, many of them decided to live around Bouddhanath. They established many gompas, and the "Little Tibet" of Nepal was born.
This "Little Tibet" is still the best place in the Valley to observe Tibetan lifestyle. Monks walk about in maroon robes. Tibetans walk with prayer wheels in their hands, and the rituals of prostration are presented to the Buddha as worshippers circumambulate the stupa on their hands and knees, bowing down to their lord.
Many people believe that Bouddhanath was constructed in the fifth century, but definite proof is lacking. The stupa is said to entomb the remains of a Kasyap sage who is venerable both to Buddhists and Hindus. One legend has it that a woman requested a Valley king for the donation of ground required to build a stupa. She said she needed land covered by one buffalo's skin and her wish was granted by the King. She cut a buffalo skin into thin strips and circled off a fairly large clearing. The king had no choice but to give her the land.
The Bouddha area is a visual feast. Colorful thangkas, Tibetan jewellery, hand-woven carpets, masks, and khukuri knives are sold in the surrounding stalls. Smaller stupas are located at the base. Gompa monasteries, curio shops, and restaurants surround Bouddhanath. Conveniently situated restaurants with roof-top patios provide good food and excellent views of Bouddhanath.
3. Bhaktapur
Situated at an altitude of 1,401 m, Bhaktapur covers an area of four square miles. Bhaktapur or "the City of Devotees" still retains the medieval charm and visitors to this ancient town are treated with myriad wonders of cultural and artistic achievements. The past glories of the Malla rulers continue to be reflected at the Durbar Square. Pottery and weaving are its traditional industries. The city lies about 14 km east of Kathmandu.
4. Changunarayan
Narayan, or Vishnu, is the preserver of creation to Hindus. His temple near Changu village is often described as the most ancient temple in the Kathmandu Valley. A fifth century stone inscription, the oldest to be discovered in Nepal, is located in the temple compound and it tells of the victorious King Mandev. The temple now covers sixteen hundred years of Nepalese art history. The temple, built around the third century, is decorated by some of the best samples of stone, wood, and metal craft in the Valley. In the words of one tourist guide, "When you look upon Changu Narayan, you observe the complete cultural development of the Valley."
On the struts of the two-tiered Changu Narayan Temple, are the ten incarnations in which Narayan destroyed evil-doers. A sixth-century stone statue shows the cosmic form of Vishnu, while another statue recalls his dwarf incarnation when he crushed the evil king Bali. Vishnu as Narsingha disemboweling a demon is particularly stunning. The western bronze doors sparkle in the evening sunlight, dragons decorate the bells, and handsome devas stare from the walls. Garuda, half man and half bird, is the steed of Vishnu, and his life-sized statue kneels before the temple. The favourite of many tourists is the statue of Vishnu sitting astride his steed.
5. Pashupatinath
Pashupatinath is the holiest Hindu pilgrimage destination in Nepal. There are linga images of Shiva along with statues, shrines, and temples dedicated to other deities in the complex. A temple dedicated to Shiva existed at this site in AD 879. However, the present temple was built by King Bhupatindra Malla in 1697. A gold-plated roof, silver doors, and woodcarvings of the finest quality decorate the pagoda construction.
A circuit of the Pashupati area takes visitors past a sixth-century statue of the Buddha, an eighth-century statue of Brahma the creator and numerous other temples. Some other places to visit are Rajrajeswari Temple, built in 1407, Kailas with lingas more than 1,400 years old, Gorakhnath temple, and the courtyard of Biswarup. There are rows of Shiva shrines and Hindu pilgrims from all over South Asia offer worship to Shiva, the Lord of Destruction.
The Bagmati River flows close by and the Arya Ghat cremation grounds are here. We strongly advise photographers not to take photos of cremations and of bereaved families. Sadhus, sages who follow the lifestyle of Shiva, may be seen covered in ashes and loin-cloths. They ask for money in case you want to take their photos. The main Pashupatinath courtyard may be entered by those of Hindu faith only.
6. Kathmandu Durbar Square
It is easy to be overwhelmed by the seemingly uncountable monuments in the Kathmandu Durbar Square. The house of the Living Goddess ( Kumari Ghar ), the ferocious Kal Bhairab, the red monkey god, and hundreds of erotic carvings are a few examples of the sights at the Square!
The buildings here are the greatest achievements of the Malla dynasty, and they resulted from the great rivalry between the three palaces of Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktapur. The Valley was divided among the children of Yaksya Malla. For visitors today, and for the Nepalese, it was serendipitous that they, and later their offsprings, began an artistic warfare trying to outdo each other in splendid constructions.Kings copied everything their neighbours built in an even grander style. A visitor who wanders around the Square will see a round temple in the pagoda architectural style, the temple of Goddess Taleju (legend has it that She played dice with King Jaya Prakash Malla), and an image of Shiva and Parbati sitting together among the many monuments.
7. Patan Durbar Square
This whole square is a cluster of fine pagoda temples and stone statues; it is at the same time the business hub of the city. At every step one comes across a piece of art or an image of a deity, testifying to the consummate skill of Patan's anonymous artists. The ancient palace of the Malla kings and the stone baths associated with various legends and episodes of history are especially interesting to visitors. The stone temple of Lord Krishna and the Royal Bath (Tushahity) with its intricate stone and bronze carvings are two other masterpieces in the same vicinity.
8. Lumbini
Shakyamuni Buddha was born in Lumbini, in southern Nepal, twenty-five hundred years ago. Since his time, Nepal has been a sacred ground for Buddhists as the birthplace of the Buddha. Lumbini is a small town in the southern Terai plains of Nepal, where the ruins of the old city can still be seen. Shakyamuni Buddha was born to a royal family
Lumbini has been a holy ground for Buddhists all over the world. The restored garden and surroundings of Lumbini have the remains of many of the ancient stupas and monasteries. A large stone pillar erected by the Indian Emperor Ashoka in 250 BC bears an inscription about the birth of the Buddha.
An important part of Lumbini is the temple of Maya Devi. It has a stone image of Maya Devi giving birth to Lord Buddha as she holds onto a branch. It has been well worn by the strokes of barren women hoping for fertility. To the south of the temple is a pool where Queen Maya Devi is said to have bathed and given her son his first purification bath.
A quiet garden, shaded by the leafy Bo tree (the type of tree under which Buddha received enlightenment), and a newly-planted forest nearby lend an air of tranquillity which bespeaks Buddha's teachings. Lumbini is now being developed under the Master Plan of the Lumbini Development Trust, a non governmental organization dedicated to the restoration of Lumbini and its development as a pilgrimage site. The plan, completed in 1978 by the renowned Japanese architect Kenzo Tange, will transform three square miles of land into a sacred place of gardens, pools, buildings, and groves. The development will include a Monastic Zone, the circular sacred Garden surrounding the Ashoka pillar and Maya Devi temple, and Lumbini Village, where visitors will find lodges, restaurants, a cultural center and tourist facilities.
An important archeological site near Lumbini, Kapilvastu evokes the ancient palace where Lord Buddha spent his formative years. Scattered foundations of the palace are abundant, and archeologists have by now discovered 13 successive layers of human habitation dating back to the eighth century BC. A must for archeological and historical buffs!
Besides its religious and historical significance, Lumbini offers cultural insights into the village life of southern Nepal. If possible, try to coincide your visit with the weekly Monday bazaar when villagers come from miles around to buy grains, spices, pottery, jewellery, saris and various other items. It may appear as a scene out of the Arabian Nights, with colorful merchandise spread out under the mango trees and the air perfumed with incense. It's a chance to bargain for souvenirs while witnessing local life in Lumbini. Wooden ox-carts loaded with hay trundle by. Villagers dry cow-dung for fuel, and tea stalls serve sweet milk tea.
Today, Lumbini is beginning to receive travellers' and archaeologists' attention after centuries of neglect. Serious preservation work has only just been started in the latter half of this century and Lumbini as a slice of history is worth seeing and worth preserving.
Pilgrimage in Nepal
Nepal is known as the "abode of God" simply because of temples and shrines of Gods and Goddesses all over the country. Each temple is attached to a legend that glorifies the miraculous powers of its deity. There are many pilgrimage sites in Nepal, such as-Pashupatinath temple, Swayambhunath Stupa, Barah Chhetra, Gosainkunda ,Pathibhara, Tengboche; Manakaman, Gorkha, Lumbini, Muktinath, Halesi Mahadev, Janakpur, Tansen, and Swargadwari, Khaptad Ashram ect. Nepal is also the Gateway to Kailash Mansarovar, the mythical abode of Lord Shiva. Devotees from various parts of Nepal and India throng the temples during special festivals.
Pashupatinath temple
Pashupatinath is the holiest Hindu pilgrimage destination in Nepal. Pasupatinath temple being the temple of Lord Shiva possessed its two-storied golden roof and silver doors and is famous for its superb architecture. There are linga images of Shiva along with statues, shrines, and temples dedicated to other deities in the complex. A temple dedicated to Shiva existed at this site in AD 879. However, the present temple was built by King Bhupatindra Malla in 1697. A gold-plated roof, silver doors, and woodcarvings of the finest quality decorate the pagoda construction.
The Bagmati River flows close by and the Arya Ghat cremation grounds are here. We strongly advise photographers not to take photos of cremations and of bereaved families. Sadhus, sages who follow the lifestyle of Shiva, may be seen covered in ashes and loin-cloths. They ask for money in case you want to take their photos. The main Pashupatinath courtyard may be entered by those of Hindu faith only. Pashupatinath Temple is UNESCO World Heritage site
Swayambhunath Stupa
Swayambhunath Stupa is situated three kilometre west of Kathmandu city complex locating the one of the worlds most glorious Buddhist Stupa, it is said to be 2000 years old. Visitors often call it "Monkey Temple". The main structure is constructed of brick and clay which supports a lofty conical spire capped by a pinnacle of copper gilt. There are the all-seeing eyes of Lord Buddha on the four sides of spire. Being situated seventy meter above the level of valley, the hill of Swayambhunath is a mosaic of small stupa and pagoda temples. Aside, in front of the temple, one of the famous goddess with the shrine of Ajima called "Harati Mata" is there. This temple of goddess believes to be famous in the way of tantric. Both the stupa of Lord Buddha and temple of a goddess are surrounded by other temples and Tibetan monasteries. Being located in the top level of valley, this place is famous for visitors for sightseeing is a UNESCO World Heritage site
Barah Chhetra
Lord Vishnu, the Preserver of the Universe, has incarnated as Baraha (Boar) in this region and hence it is called Barahachhetra. It is one of the four holy places in Nepal. According to Puran that Lord Vishnu came down to earth in the form of a boar and destroyed Hiranyakashyapu, an evil demon, at this very spot. It is on the bank of Saptakoshi. This pilgrimage is accessed through Dharan. Since the site is related to Lord Vishnu it is assumed as sacred as Gaya for Shraddha (Offering to ancestors). The Pilgrimage is at a confluence of tributaries of river Koshi and hence many pilgrims around Nepal and India come here for dip at the day of Makar Shankrati.
Gosainkunda
A lake is believed to have been created by Lord Shiva when he thrust his Trishula (trident) into a mountain to extract water so that he could cool his stinging throat after he had swallowed poison. There is a large rock in the center of the lake, which is said to be the remains of a Shiva shrine. People often claim that they see Shiva lying in the water. Devotees gather here in hordes on the full moon night of August to take holy dips in the lake.
Gosaikunda is situated at the altitude of 4380 m. to the north of Kathmandu on the Langtang trekking trail. The holy lake is a two day long trek from Dhunche, which can be reached through an adventurous 118 km mountain road from Kathmandu via Trishuli Bazaar.
Pathibhara
Pathibhara temple is equally important to both Hindus and Buddhists. Pathibhara lies at an altitude of 3794 metres in Tapethoc VDC (19kms from Kanchenjunga). An animist deity, it is believed that the devotee’s desires will be fulfilled with a sacrifice at the temple. The Pathibhara pilgrimage takes only three to four days with the best time to visit are March to June and September to November. Spectacular Kanchenjunga Range is also be seen from the temple.
Manakamana
The Shrine of Manakamana renovated many times over the centuries has four story pagoda style roofs with entrance from the South-west. The temple of Manakamana is a temple of one of the manifestations of the Hindu goddess Bhagwati. The pujari performs daily prayers and ritual in the temple behind closed doors by offering eggs, oranges, rice, red powder and strips of cloth to the deities. On completion of the pooja of the shrine by the priest, the turn of the public begins
Manakamana temple lies 12 Km south of historic town Gorkha and located on a prominent ridge (1302 mt. above sea level) overlooking the river valleys of Trisuli (south) and Marshyangdi (west). The unique location of the place is dramatized during winter when the ridge appears as an island above the sea of morning mist.
People believe Manakamana Devi fulfills the wishes of her devotees, thus called the wish fulfilling Deity. The reward on reaching the shrine is both spiritual and physical exhilaration. Spectacular views include deep valleys, terraced fields and the Manaslu-Himalchuli and Annapurna ranges. In the past, the only access to the region was by arduous climb of over five hours but one can now visit the shrine in comfort by Manakamana cable car.
Gorkha
Gorkha is the birth place of King Prithivi Narayan Shah - The Great, the founder of modern Nepal. Situated on a hill overlooking the snowy peaks of the himalayas, there is a beautiful old palace known as Gorkha Durbar. There are two attractive temples of Gorakhnath and Kali inside the palace precinct. Only Hindus are allowed inside the temple of Gorakhnath. Gorkha can be reached in about 6 hours from Kathmandu and in about 4 hours from Pokhara.
Lumbini
The birthplace of the Gautama Buddha, Lumbini, is the Mecca of every Buddhist, being one of the four holy places of Buddhism. It is said in the Parinibbana Sutta that Buddha himself identified four places of future pilgrimage: the sites of his birth, enlightenment, first discourse, and death. All of these events happened outside in nature under trees. While there is not any particular significance in this, other than it perhaps explains why Buddhists have always respected the environment and natural law. it is situated 230 km away form Kathmandu at an altitude of 600 ft above sea level. This is totally a Buddhist pilgrimage site and was declared in 1998 as the mountain of world peace.
Bouddhanath Stupa
This is a huge Buddhist stupa located about 7 km east of Kathmandu. It stands on a massive mandala style platform and has features similar to the Swayambhunath. It is said that this stupa was built during the 5th century A.D. Every year, in winter, thousands of pilgrims from neighboring countries come to visit this place.
The 36-meter-high stupa of Bouddhanath is one of the largest stupas in South Asia. Bouddhanath Stupa was renovated by Licchavi rulers in the eighth century. The mandala design in Bouddhanath is a copy of the one in Gyangtse in Tibet
The stupa is said to entomb the remains of a Kasyap sage venerable both to Buddhists and Hindus. Smaller stupas are located at the base. Gompa monasteries, curio shops, and restaurants surround Bouddhanath
Muktinath
This is one of the 106th sacred Muktichhetra (assured of salvation) of 108 sacred places of Vaishnavs, where Lord Vishnu got free from the curse of Sati. Here is a largest Shaligram. Here is also a Jwaladevi, a divine flame is continuously burning since thousands of year. This pagoda –shaped temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu situated at an altitude of 3800 m. Set into the wall around 108 water spouts from which pour holy water.
Devghat
Devghat is a confluence of river Trishuli and river Kaligandaki and is very significant religious Triveni. It is 6 Km north of Narayanghat. Here all 7 holy Gandaki Rivers meet together to form a Narayani River. Like Triveni of Ganges and Yamuna at Alahabad in India Devghat is one of the main sites for the festival of Makar Shankranti in Nepal. Many pilgrims from around Nepal and India immerse themselves in the river. Makar Shankrati is also popularly known as Maghe Shankranti. It is first day of Nepali month Magh (Mid January). In this place the demigods came to honor Lord Vishnu when he saved Gajendra, an elephant from the attack of a crocodile after hearing his prayers of devotion
Janakpur
Janakpur is in 375 Km south east of Kathmandu and is famous Hindu pilgrimage site. Janakpur is a birthplace of Janaki Sita. Janaki Sita was married to Lord Ram the 7th incarnation of Lord Vishnu. Places of interest are: Janaki Temple, Biwah Mandap, and numerous beautiful ponds. The most auspicious day for the Pilgrimage is Biwah Panchami (November). It is day of celebration of the wedding of the Goddess Sita and the God Ram with mock wedding processions. Many pilgrims from Nepal and India attend the celebration. A holy saint Sri Shurkiswor Das discovered the ruins of the ancient capital Mithila King and the birth place of Sita. The present temple was built by Queen Brishabhanu of Tikramgarh of India.
Barhachhetra
Lord Vishnu, the Preserver of the Universe, has incarnated as Baraha (Boar) in this region and hence it is called Barahachhetra. It is one of the four holy places in Nepal. According to Puran that Lord Vishnu came down to earth in the form of a boar and destroyed Hiranyakashyapu, an evil demon, at this very spot. It is on the bank of Saptakoshi. This pilgrimage is accessed through Dharan. Since the site is related to Lord Vishnu it is assumed as sacred as Gaya for Shraddha (Offering to ancestors). The Pilgrimage is at a confluence of tributaries of river Koshi and hence many pilgrims around Nepal and India come here for dip at the day of Makar Shankrati.
Balmiki Ashram
It is an island in Narayani River near Triveni, 20 km south of Kusunde, which lies between Narayanghat and Butawal in Mahendra Highway. Goddess Sita was exiled from the royal palace and stayed here. She gave birth to twin sons Lava and Kusha. This Ashram was a retreat used by the great sage Balmiki, who wrote complete epic of Ramayana.
Namobuddha
Namobuddha is the place where Lord Buddha, in an earlier life, offered his body to a starving tigress so she could feed her cubs. It is said that his hair, bones and so forth were made into a Stupa, the Stupa now known as Namobuddha. It is in east of Kathmandu valley near Panauti.
Dhanushadham
Dhanushadham, a historical and religious site, dates back to the time of the great epic - Ramayana. It is located 18 km north -east of Janakpur in the south - central region of Nepal. Dhanushadham was the place where Lord Rama had broke Shiva's divine bow, a condition for winning the hand of Sita in marriage. According to the epic, one of the three pieces of the bow fell in the present day Dhanushadham.
Ridi
Ridi is among the most popular religious places in Nepal. Rikeshwor Narayan mandir, situated here, is the local version of the Pashupatinath temple with its auspicious Ghats (cremation grounds). It is situated at the confluence of the Kali Gandaki and the Ridi Khola, linked by a 50 km dirt road to the hill resort town of Tansen
During the Makar Sankranti festival, hundreds of devotees from different parts of the world throng the Dhanusha temple to worship the fossilized bow fragments and to take ritual dips in the river. Here there are other temples dedicated to Ram and Ganesh too.
Simraugadh
The capital of the former kingdom of Tirahut, is the seat of a rich civilization, which peaked between the 11th and 14th centuries. The ancient city suffered terrible devastation in the hands of invaders but its cultural glory remained in the archeological treasures that are found here.
Simraugdh is situated in the Terai plains to the south of Kathmandu. The most convenient access to this place, by air, is from Birgunj (270 km away from Kathmandu). Another route to Simraugadh is Flight to Simara (15 minutes) and then a drive to Birgunj (25 km) from where it is 45 km to Simraugadh
Bird Watching In Nepal
Nepal is a paradise for the bird watcher. From the lowland jungle of the Terrai and the Kosi Tappu barrage through dense rhododendron and Oak forest of the middle hills to the windswept plateaus of the high Himalaya there is always something to keep one witching.
Nepal boasts over 800 species of birds, almost 8% of the world`s recorded population.
Bird Watching In Kathmandu Valley
Kathmandu valley alone features over 500 species of birds. The surrounding hills offer a varied ecology ranging from primary and secondary forests to rhododendron, oak and pine forests. In addition, the wetlands and open fields inside the valley make up a diverse habitat for many species of birds.
The most popular bird watching spot is Phulchoki hill, the highest peak on the Valley rim situated 20 km southeast of Kathmandu, over 265 species have been recorded to date.Birds seen in the area include babblers, warblers, tits, thrushes, minivets, woodpeckers, eagles and many migrant birds.
Godavari, at the foot of Phulchoki hill where the Royal Botanical Garden is situated has recorded over 100 species of birds including the lesser Racket-tailed drongo, Tibetan siskin and the spotted forktail.
The Shivapuri Watershed and Wildlife Reserve, situated 11km to the north of Kathmandu, is another exciting location along with Nagarjun Royal Forest on Jamacho hill situated 5km from Kathmandu on the way to Kakani from Balaju.Among the birds are blue magpies, kalij pheasants, Bonelli`s eagles, Great Himalayan barbets to name but a few.
The highlights for bird sightings of the wetlands in the valley include the banks of the Manohara river on the way to Bhaktapur, and the Bagmati river, which flows into the valley from Shivapuri hill exiting through Chobhar Gorge.
Taudaha Lake Harbours over 40 species of birds mostly dependent on wetlands,situated on the to Dakshinkali it attracts flocks of migrant birds.
Good roads links lead to the vicinity of all these places.
Bird Watching Sites outside the Kathmandu Valley
Chitwan National Park
The Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve is renowned for being one of the best locations for birding. Situated within Nepal`s subtropical Terai belt, this is the smallest (175 sq km) and easternmost reserve in Nepal, it lies just to the north east of the convergence of the Sapt Koshi and Trijuga Khola rivers.
Its situation on the Sapt Koshi flood plain means that the environment of this reserve varies dramatically according to the seasons. During the monsoon (May to September) the flow becomes torrential and covers most of the floodplain, while during the dry seasons, many flat, sandy islands are exposed.The habitat is a combination of scrub grassland and deciduous riverine forest, with over 280 species of birds recorded so far, including 20 species of duck, ibises, storks, swamp partridges, herons, egrets, Bengal floricans and many other exotic and migratory waterfowl not found elsewhere in Nepal.
Royal Bardia National Park
The Royal Bardia National park is located in south west Nepal offering a remote site for bird sightings. Over 400 species of birds have been recorded. Stays can be arranged in lodge or tented accommodation inside the park.
Trekking Regions
One of the best ways of viewing birds in Nepal is a leisurely trek through the foothills of the Kingdom. There are three main trekking areas in Nepal: the Langtang region, six hours by road north of Kathmandu, the Solu Khumbu region eight hours by road east of Kathmandu and the Annapurna region, six hours by road or a 30 minute flight west of Kathmandu. Of these three regions, the Annapurna region offers the widest variety of species, it is also easily accessible.
Annapurna conservation Area (A.C.A.)
To set the scene a little, the Annapurna region is a conservation area, covering around 2600sq km towards the north-central region of Nepal. The Kali Gandaki river runs north to south through this region, the world`s deepest gorge, some 6,000m below the highest peaks of A.C.A's central Annapurna and Dhaulagiri massifs. Seven of these peaks are over 7,000m, the highest being (Annapurna I) at 8,091m.
A few facts and figures above, but as you can imagine, the A.C.A. supports a remarkable but delicate biodiversity, with 441 recorded species of birds (so far), including the only endemic species to Nepal, the Spiny Babbler. Bird habitat ranges from the sub-tropical lowlands towards Pokhara in the south of ACA to dry sub-alpine conditions above the tree-line towards the north and the Tibetan border.
The Kali Gandaki valley is also a major migration pathway in the autumn, when 40 species, including Demoiselle Cranes can be seen around Jomosom and Tukche. Migration coincides with the Autumn trekking season.
Migrating west about this time at this time of year further south towards Kaare and Dhampus are about 20 identified species of eagle and other birds of prey. The most commonly observed are: the Bearded Vulture, known as the Giddha in Nepal which frequently occurs at around 4,100m and the Golden Eagle known as Baaj in Nepal.
There are six Himalayan pheasants to be found in A.C.A.: they are the Himalayan Monal, Crimson Horned Pheasant, Blood Pheasant, Koklass Pheasant, Cheer Pheasant and the Wallichii Kalij Pheasant the most commonly occurring of Nepali pheasants.
Climate and Rainfall in Nepal
Nepal's climate, influenced by elevation as well as by its location in a subtropical latitude, ranges from subtropical monsoon conditions in the Tarai, through a warm temperate climate between 4,000 and 7,000 feet in the mid-mountain region, to cool temperate conditions in the higher parts of mountains between 7,000 and 11,000 feet, to an Alpine climate at altitudes between 14,000 and 16,000 feet along the lower slopes of the Himalaya mountains. At altitudes above 16,000 feet the temperature is always below freezing and the surface covered by snow and ice. Rainfall is ample in the eastern portion of the Tarai (which receives from 70 to 75 inches [1,800 to 1,900 millimetres] a year at Biratnagar) and in the mountains, but the western portion of Nepal (where from 30 to 35 inches a year fall at Mahendranagar) is drier.
In Kathmandu Valley, average temperatures range from 50° F (10° C) in January to 78° F (26° C) in July, and the lowest and highest temperatures recorded have been 27° and 99° F (-3° and 37° C). The average annual rainfall is about 55 inches, most of which falls in the period from June to September. At Pokhara the temperature ranges from 40° F (4° C) in January to approximately 100° F (38° C) in June, just before the monsoon. In winter, temperatures during the day rise to 70° F (21° C), creating pleasant conditions, with cool nights and warm days. Because warm rain-bearing monsoon winds discharge most of their moisture as they encounter the Annapurna range, rainfall is quite heavy (about 100 inches) in the Pokhara Valley.
The climate of Nepal is best assessed with the climate at 4 distinct places. These are Kathmandu valley, Pokhara valley (West), Chitwan (Terai), and Namche Bazar (East & High mountain).
Nepal Himalaya Region
The Himalayas or "abode of snow" is in fact the youngest and highest mountain system in the world. It extends over 2,400kms as a vast south-facing area between the Indus and Brahmaputra rivers with Nanga Parbat (8,125m) and Namcha Barwa (7,755m) as its terminal high points. Fully a third of 800kms of its central section traverses Nepal and is known as the Nepal Himalayas, Here congregate more than 250 peaks that exceed 6,000m in height-a unique concentration of lofty dazzling summits. Of the thirty one Himalayan peaks over 7,600m, twenty-two like in Nepal Himalayas including eight of the world's fourteen highest giants.
Everest (8848 m)
Mount Everest is the point of highest elevation on Earth, measured by the height of its summit above sea level. Its summit ridge marks the border between Nepal and China.
Kanchenjunga (8,586 m)
Kanchenjunga is the third highest mountain in the world with an altitude of 8,586 metres (28,169 feet) after Mount Everest and K2. It is located on Nepal's eastern border with the state of Sikkim in India. Kanchenjunga translated means "The Five Treasures of Snows", as it contains five peaks, four of them over 8,450 metres. The treasures represent the five repositories of God, which are gold, silver, gems, grain, and holy books. Three of these five peaks (main, central, and south) are in the North Sikkim district of India, while the other two are in the Taplejung District of Nepal.
Lhotse (8,516 m)
Lhotse is the fourth highest mountain on Earth and is connected to Mount Everest via the South Col. In addition to the main summit at 8,516 metres above sea level, Lhotse Middle (East) is 8,414 metres and Lhotse Shar is 8,383 metres. It is located at the border between China and Nepal.
Makalu (8,463 m)
Makalu is the fifth highest mountain in the world and is located 22 km (14 mi) east of Mount Everest, at the border between China and Nepal. Makalu is an isolated peak whose shape is a four-sided pyramid. Rising just north of the higher summit, separated by a narrow saddle, is Chomo Lonzo (7,818m/25,650') a subsidiary peak of Makalu.
Cho Oyu (8,201 m)
Cho Oyu is the sixth highest mountain in the world. Cho Oyu lies in the Himalaya and is 20km west of Mount Everest, at the border between China and Nepal. Cho Oyu means "Turquoise Goddess" in Tibetan.
Dhaulagiri (8,167 m)
Dhaulagiri is the seventh highest mountain in the world and is located in the Dhaulagiri Himal, a subrange of the Himalaya in north central Nepal. Dhaulagiri means "White Mountain".
Manaslu (8,163 m)
Manaslu (also known as Kutang) is the eighth highest mountain in the world, located in the Nepalese Himalayas. Manaslu is derived from the Sanskrit word Manasa and is translated as "Mountain of the Spirit".
Annapurna (8,091 m)
Annapurna is a series of six major peaks over 7,200 m in the Himalaya, a 55-km-long massif whose highest point, Annapurna I, stands at 8,091 m (26,538 ft), making it the 10th-highest summit in the world and one of the 14 "eight-thousanders". It is located east of a great gorge cut through the Himalaya by the Kali Gandaki river which then separates it from the Dhaulagiri massif. Annapurna is a Sanskrit name which is translated as Goddess of the Harvests. The Annapurna massif contains six major peaks over 7,200 m.
Lakes of Nepal
Nepal is supposed to be the second largest natural water resources country in the world thus there are numbers of lakes and tanks of glacial and tectonic origin in Nepal. Mountain lakes like Rara, Phoksundo, Phewa etc., are majestic in extent and beauty. Rara in Mugu district of western Nepal is the country’s largest lake. Phewa at Pokhara is another equally famous lake. Phoksundo in Dolpa Distric is yet another big lake but is less well known than Phewa Lake due to its difficult approach. Rupatal and Begnastal (Pokhara), Gaduwaltal (Chitwan), Satyavatilal (Palpa), Khaptadtal (Doti), Barhakunetal (Dang), Surma Sarobar (Bajhang) and Tilichotal (Manang) are some of NepalÕs other well-known lakes.
Gosainkunda and other lakes in the Langtang Himal region are of religious significance.
Rara: Rara Lake (2980 m) lies in the remote Karnali region in the north-west of Nepal and is centerpiece of Rara Lake National Park. Rara Lake is Nepal’s largest lake and is a clear blue mountain lake with juniper, spruce and pine trees along its shores and snow-capped peaks in the distance.
Phewa: Phewa Lake is the second largest lake of Nepal and the largest lake of Pokhara Valley. IT is situated at an altitude of 784m at the western edge of Pokhara city near Baidam. It covers an area of about 4.43 sq km with an average depth of about 8.6m maximum water depth is 19m. The maximum water capacity of the lake is estimated to be 46 million cubic meters. It lies in the valley of Harpan Khola which feeds the lake. On the southern mouth of the lake, at the crown of Pardi River, a dam is built which has nearly doubled the water level. The water of the lake is used for irrigation and electricity generation.
Phoksundo:
Rupatal: Rupa Lake is separated by t
